(from World Shrimp Farming 1996, editor, Bob Rosenberry. Published by Shrimp News International (pages 132, 141, 147 & 149), 9450 Mira Mesa Boulevard, Suite B-562, San Diego, CA 92126 USA (phone 619-271-6354, fax 619-271-0324, e-mail brosenberry@aol.com, web page http://members.aol.com/brosenberr/Home.html). December 1996. US$50. ISSN No. 1047.5664).
CONTENTS:
List of Advertisers
1996 - The Year in Review
Production by Species
The Western Hemisphere
Belize Nicaragua
Costa Rica Peru
Ecuador United States
Honduras Venezuela
Mexico
The Eastern Hemisphere
Australia Malaysia
Bangladesh Philippines
China Sri Lanka
India Thailand
Indonesia Vietnam
About Shrimp Farming
A Brief History of Shrimp Farming
For Hatchery Managers Only
Recommended Reading
About Shrimp Fishing
The Shrimp Council
The Shrimp Tribunal
A Shrimp Alert from NFI
EXCERPTS:
WORLD SHRIMP FARMING 1996 - THE YEAR IN REVIEW
The World: In 1996, the world's shrimp farmers produced an estimated 693,000 metric tons of whole shrimp, down 2.5% from 712,000 tons in 1995. Taking the worldwide epidemic of shrimp virus diseases into account, that's outstanding production!
The West: Farmers in the western hemisphere produced an estimated 172,300 metric tons of whole shrimp, 25% of world production - an increase of 12% over last year. The west appears to have weathered the worst of the Taura virus.
The East: Farmers in the eastern hemisphere produced an estimated 520,700 metric tons of whole shrimp, a decrease of 7% from last year's production, but still 75% of world production. Whitespot virus caused the drop in production.
Production of farmed shrimp in Southeast Asia will probably remain stable in 1997 as the industry adjusts to the whitespot virus. In Latin America, where farmed shrimp production actually increased during the Taura attack, production should increase again in 1997.
World Shrimp Farming 1996
Western Hemisphere:
% of World Production: 25%
Heads-on Production (tons): 172,300
Hectares in Production: 185,900
Kilograms per Hectare: 927
Number of Hatcheries: 392
Number of farms: 1,672
Eastern Hemisphere:
% of World Production: 75
Heads-on Production (tons): 520,700
Hectares in Production: 1,186,900
Kilograms per Hectare: 439
Number of Farms: 111,333
Totals:
% of World Production: 100
Heads-on Production (tons): 693,000
Hectares in Production: 1,372,800
Kilograms of Hatcheries: 505
Number of Hatcheries: 4,992
Number of Farms: 113,005
THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
Production: The western hemisphere produced an estimated 25% of the world's farmed shrimp in 1996, 172,300 metric tons (live weight), up 12% from 154,000 tons in 1995. Ecuador accounted for 70% of the total, 120,000 metric tons valued at around $600 million. Mexico claimed second place with an estimated production of 12,000 tons, about 7% of the farmed shrimp produced in the western hemisphere. Colombia finished third last year, but was out of the running this year as most of its industry on the Caribbean Coast shut down to wait out the Taura problem. Honduras finished third this year. Peru, Panama and Nicaragua reported increased production. Brazil and Guatemala have small shrimp farming industries, and scattered farms exist in Venezuela, Belize, Costa Rica and the Caribbean. The United States, which supplies shrimp farms around the world with a wide range of products and services, has a small, struggling shrimp farming industry.
Growout: Most shrimp farms in the western hemisphere practice scientific, semi-intensive shrimp farming. Many are part of vertically integrated companies that include feed mills, hatcheries, processing plants and worldwide marketing. Small independent farms, however outnumber the big integrated operations by twenty to one. When Taura hit the western hemisphere, many farms reverted to extensive strategies (lower stocking densities) and found they could still make good money. Others experimented with recirculating systems and no-exchange ponds.
Species: The western white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, dominates, accounting for more than 85% of production, but P. stylirostris, a similar species, is making a comeback because some strains of stylirostris resist disease. Farmers usually stock small postlarvae (smaller than PL-15) purchased from company-owned or independent hatcheries. The western hemisphere utilizes large, expensive hatcheries.
Disease: In Ecuador, Taura Syndrome seems to be losing some of its virulence. After killing off all weak shrimp, it must now deal with the survivors of the survivors of the survivors, a much tougher bunch. Farmers have learned a trick or two in process too, so Taura has been downgraded to just another management headache. In Central America, where Taura hit two years after hitting Ecuador, the virus is still a problem. An undescribed disease dubbed "Zoea Syndrome" is now killing zoea-II larvae at many hatcheries in the western hemisphere.
Markets: Farms market most of their shrimp in the United States (70%), but Western Europe (30%), particularly France, Italy and Spain, also takes significant amounts. Europe likes frozen, head-on animals, but the product mix is becoming more complex as the shrimp farming countries deliver a wide range of value-added products. The primary product in the United States is a five-pound box of frozen, shell-on tails. Processors in Latin America and the United States also offer a wide range of value-added products, like individually quick frozen (IQF) tails and cooked tails. In 1994, U.S. per capita consumption of shrimp hit an all-time record of 2.6 pounds, then fell off slightly to 2.5 pounds in 1995.
Western Hemisphere Summary 1996
Percent of Production: Ecuador 69.5
Other 9.3
Mexico 7.0
Honduras 5.8
Peru 2.9
Nicaragua 1.7
Belize 1.2
Venezuela 1.2
United States 0.8
Costa Rica 0.6
Totals 100
Heads-on Production (tons): Ecuador 120,000
Other 16,000
Mexico 12,000
Honduras 10,000
Peru 5,000
Nicaragua 3,000
Belize 2,000
Venezuela 2,000
United States 1,300
Costa Rica 1,000
Totals 172,300
Hectares in Production: Ecuador 130,000
Other 20,000
Mexico 14,000
Honduras 12,000
Peru 3,000
Nicaragua 4,000
Belize 600
Venezuela 800
United States 700
Costa Rica 800
Totals 185,900
Kilograms per Hectare: Ecuador 923
Other 800
Mexico 857
Honduras 833
Peru 1,667
Nicaragua 750
Belize 3,333
Venezuela 2,500
United States 1,857
Costa Rica 1,250
Totals 927
Number of Hatcheries: Ecuador 320
Other 20
Mexico 20
Honduras 10
Peru 3
Nicaragua 3
Belize 1
Venezuela 4
United States 10
Costa Rica 1
Totals 392
Number of Farms: Ecuador 1,200
Other 70
Mexico 240
Honduras 55
Peru 40
Nicaragua 20
Belize 6
Venezuela 7
United States 30
Costa Rica 4
Totals 1,672
ECUADOR: 1996 UPDATE
In 1996, to avoid problems with Taura virus, Ecuadorean shrimp farmers stocked at lower densities, fed less and pumped less. This move to less intensive farming lowered production costs and produced good profits. Taura was more sporadic in 1996. On many farms, it never made an appearance!
Ecuador has 12 maturation facilities that maintain captive broodstock for the production of seedstock, and many of them are doing genetic research. Hatcheries supply 40% of Ecuador's seedstock requirement. Like most hatcheries in Latin America, Ecuadorean hatcheries experience sharp mortalities at the zoea-II stage. Some hatcheries use garlic and lemon juice as a general disinfectant - and it seems to work.
Some shrimp farms that have been closed by the Taura virus are culturing Cherax (also called yabbies, Red claw, or the Australian crawfish). Others are culturing finfish like tilapia and redfish, and still other farms are polyculturing shrimp and tilapia.
Ecuador 120,000 Hectares in 130,000 Kilograms 923
metric tons Production per Hectare
live weight
No of farms 1,200 No of hatcheries 320 Species %
% extensive 60 % small-scale 65 P. vannamei 90
% semi-intensive 40 % medium-scale 25 P. stylirostris 10
% intensive 0 % large-scale 10
Hatchery postlarvae suffered much higher mortality than wild postlarvae during the Taura syndrome epidemic. Survival of hatchery-reared shrimp dropped from 50 to 60% before the epidemic to 5 to 15% afterwards in heavily affected areas and 15 to 25% in less affected areas. Survival has now improved to 30 to 40% in affected areas and 40 to 50% in less affected areas. Survival of wild seed is still higher than hatchery seed.
(Information: George Chamberlain, Ralston Purina International, Checkerboard Square, 11 Tower Building, St. Louis, MO 63164 USA phone 314-982-2402, fax 314-982-1613, e-mail gchamberlain@ralston.com)
UTAH'S BRINE SHRIMP INDUSTRY
On September 30, 1996, Don Leonard, the president and executive director of the Utah Artemia Association, reported: the brine shrimp industry on the Great Salt Lake has formed a nonprofit trade association called the Utah Artemia Association. It grew out of a loose coalition that came together late last year to support a moratorium on the issuance of harvest permits (CORs) on the Lake. That coalition included companies holding eighty-seven percent of the Lake's harvest permits.
The Association is active in issues relating to the regulation of the industry and the management of the brine shrimp resource by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (DWR). These issues include research on the Lake's productivity, access to the Lake's marinas, enforcement of regulation, and aviation safety (spotter planes are used to find the streaks of brine shrimp eggs that float to the Lake's surface).
The Association's principal success has been its support of industry interests on a recent DWR rule-making procedure. That rule-making was finalized on July 31, 1996, and resulted in significant changes in the regulations governing the harvest of brine shrimp eggs on the Lake. The new rule seeks to protect the brine shrimp resource by reducing harvest pressure. It caps the number of harvest permits at 79 for three years, reduces daily harvest hours by 30%, and shortens the harvest season by 20%. DWR thinks the rule will result in a significant reduction in the 1996/1997 harvest. The 1995/1996 harvest was estimated at 14 million pounds of raw egg (before processing, which removes hatched animals, inferior eggs and other debris).
The 1996/1997 harvest season got rolling on October 1, 1996. Because of warm weather during the first three weeks of October, harvests contained large numbers of adult Artemia and other debris, and the quantity and quality of the cysts dropped from the same period in previous years. By late October, however, temperatures fell, and harvesters hoped for better catches.
October usually serves as good predictor for the entire season. The first three weeks of October 1996 indicate a smaller harvest this year, and, since the harvesters won't be fishing in February 1997 ( a new regulation), the 1996/97 harvest is likely to be smaller than last year's record harvest of 14 million pounds of raw, wet product.
Over the last years, because of the increase in the number of harvesters without cyst processing facilities, a market has developed for raw egg.
(Information: Don Leonard, Utah Artemia Association, 124 South 400 East, Suite 301, Salt Lake City, Utah 84111, phone 801-363-1900, fax 801-532-6456)
THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE
Production: with most producing countries located in Southeast Asia, the eastern hemisphere produced an estimated 75% of the world's farmed shrimp in 1996, 520,700 metric tons (live weight), down 7% from 558,000 tons in 1995. Thailand finished first, Indonesia second and China third. India, Bangladesh and Vietnam were fourth, fifth and sixth. The Philippines and Malaysia produced world class corps of farmed shrimp. Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Myanmar and Sri Lanka have smaller shrimp farming industries, and there are shrimp farms in the Middle East and several parts of Africa.
Growout: Shrimp farms in Asia practice extensive, semi-intensive and intensive shrimp farming. Most new farms, however, follow the Taiwanese model of intensive farming. In Southeast Asia, there are tens of thousands of small-scale intensive farms, sometimes organized into a cooperative venture under the sponsorship of a large corporation, feed company or government agency. Under this arrangement, the farmer usually owns the land and manages the ponds, while the sponsoring organization supplies infrastructure, feed, seedstock, training, technical support, processing and marketing. In Indonesia, the private sector and the government have joined hands in huge new projects that will move tens of thousands of people to shrimp farms on the outer islands, away from the crowded island of Java.
Species: Penaeus monodon is the most popular species. Farmers usually stock large postlarvae (larger than PL-15) purchased from independent hatcheries.
Disease: Whitespot, a virus that can kill ninety percent of the shrimp in a pond, has been confirmed just about everywhere in Asia except the Philippines. More lethal than the Taura virus in the western hemisphere and with many more carrier species, it has taken a heavy toll on the Asian farmed shrimp industry over the last two years. It is responsible for the 7% drop in production this year. Luminescent bacteria (Vibrio harveyi) appear to be the biggest problem in Asian shrimp hatcheries.
Markets: Japan is the big market for Asian farmed shrimp. Asian shrimp farmers also ship processed and frozen raw product to the United States, Europe, and other Asian countries, like South Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan and China.
After Japan, the second largest market for farmed shrimp in the eastern hemisphere is Europe. In southern Europe - Spain, France and Italy - consumers prefer whole, farmed shrimp, which are cooked shell-on and head-on. Coldwater, wild-caught species have always been the preferred species in northern Europe - United Kingdom, Belgium, The Netherlands Denmark, Germany, Norway and Sweden. Of the three big markets for farmed shrimp, Europe is the most discriminating, but when prices for head-on tigers from Asia and head-on white shrimp from Latin America dropped in 1989, farmed shrimp established a permanent foothold everywhere in the European market. Still the best chefs insist on fresh, whole coldwater shrimp because they can judge the quality of the product when it is fresh.
Eastern Hemisphere Summary 1996
Percent of Production: Thailand 30.7
Indonesia 17.3
China 15.4
India 13.4
Bangladesh 6.7
Vietnam 5.8
Philippines 4.8
Other 4.4
Malaysia 0.8
Sri Lanka 0.4
Australia 0.3
Totals 100
Heads-on Production (tons): Thailand 160,000
Indonesia 90,000
China 80,000
India 70,000
Bangladesh 35,000
Vietnam 30,000
Philippines 25,000
Other 23,000
Malaysia 4,000
Sri Lanka 2,000
Australia 1,700
Totals 520,700
Hectares in Production: Thailand 70,000
Indonesia 350,000
China 120,000
India 200,000
Bangladesh 140,000
Vietnam 200,000
Philippines 60,000
Other 40,000
Malaysia 4,000
Sri Lanka 2,500
Australia 400
Totals 1,186,900
Kilograms per Hectare: Thailand 2,286
Indonesia 257
China 667
India 350
Bangladesh 250
Vietnam 150
Philippines 417
Other 575
Malaysia 1,000
Sri Lanka 800
Australia 4,250
Totals 439
Number of Hatcheries: Thailand 1,800
Indonesia 400
China 1,200
India 180
Bangladesh 10
Vietnam 600
Philippines 300
Other 30
Malaysia 20
Sri Lanka 50
Australia 10
Totals 4,600
Number of Farms: Thailand 16,000
Indonesia 60,000
China 6,000
India 10,000
Bangladesh 13,000
Vietnam 2,000
Philippines 1,000
Other 2,000
Malaysia 400
Sri Lanka 900
Australia 33
Totals 111,333
CHINA
On September 19, 1996, Wang Qingge, Manager and Technician at Hebei Foodstuffs Import and Export (Group) Corporation, reported: We still don't know what caused the collapse of our shrimp farming industry in 1993-1994. Some think it was water pollution, others say it was a virus. In wild and farmed shrimp (P. chinensis), we have found several viruses (HPV, BMV, IHHNV and HP) that attack the hepatopancreas. On many farms, the shrimp in one pond will be healthy, while those in neighboring ponds suffer high mortalities. Instead of treating ponds with chemicals, farmers are now experimenting with bio-remediation (bacteria) products.
China 80,000 Hectares in 120,000 Kilograms per 666
metric tons Production Hectare
live weight
No of farms 6,000 No of hatcheries 1,200 Species %
% extensive 10 % small-scale 30 P.chinensis 60
% semi-intensive 85 % medium-scale 30 P.monodon 30
% intensive 5 % large-scale 40 Other 10
In 1995, China's shrimp farming industry, which has cut stocking densities by a third, began to recover from the disease problems of 1993-94. This year, many farms in northern China were able to harvest a profitable crop of small shrimp before diseases hit in early summer. Those farms that did not harvest experienced much lower mortalities than last year and were able to harvest shrimp in July and August.
Shrimp farming will succeed in China.
1. In many cases, it's just too expensive to reconfigure shrimp farms for other species.
2. Experiments with other species and polyculture have not been very successful.
3.We know how to grow shrimp.
4. Seedstock is relatively cheap in China.
5. Demand for shrimp in China is way ahead of supply!
October 10, 1996, Wang Qingge reported: In May 1995, five farms in China were stocked with vannamei from South America. Harvested in September, the shrimp did not suffer any virus related mortalities. Now, many hatcheries have vannamei broodstock. Farmers hope they can avoid the diseases associated with chinensis and monodon by switching to vannamei. In other news, some farms in northern China have gotten remarkably good results just by stocking larger postlarvae
(3 centimeters, rather than 0.7 centimeters).
In 1996, in southern China, farmers lowered stocking densities to 10 animals per square meter and produced good crops of monodon from small 1 to 1.5 hectare ponds. Although whitespot occurs in this area, the farms are scattered and some of them get survivals as high as 50%. They produce two crops (March-June and July-October) per year of 20 gram animals, and then let the ponds rest over the winter months. The industry gets its broodstock through Singapore.
The new entrepreneurial class in southern China consumes huge amounts of domestic and imported farmed shrimp. Even Ecuador marketed some of its crop in China this year. Shrimp News International speculates that there's a lot of shrimp farming activity going on in southern China, but that we just don't hear about it. With a small industry already in place and demand exceeding supply, a system based on small-scale hatcheries and small, semi-intensive farms is likely to develop.
(Information: Wang Qingge, Hebei Foodstuffs Import and Export (Group) Corporation, 8 Jichang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China phone 86-311-777-0344, fax 86-311-777-4162)
INDIA
Presently, India has about 175 hatcheries with a production capacity of 4 billion postlarvae a year. Many hatcheries, however, are not in full production because of management problems or broodstock shortages. Demand has dropped because of the virus problem during growout and because farmers are stocking at lower rates.
India 70,000 Hectares in 200,000 Kilograms per 350
metric tons Production Hectare
live weight
No of farms 10,000 No of hatcheries 180 Species %
% extensive 60 % small-scale 20 P.monodon 75
% semi-intensive 35 % medium-scale 40 P. indicus 20
% intensive 5 % large-scale 40 Other 5
In 1995, there were approximately 150 shrimp hatcheries in India capable of producing around 6 billion postlarvae. At the end of 1994, however, India's postlarvae requirement hovered around 10 billion, so seed prices were high, ranging from $20 to $40 per thousand. In the beginning, the hatcheries employed Taiwanese technicians and technology. They used large tanks (up to 50 tons each) with heavy stocking densities, and grew the larvae from nauplii to postlarvae in the same tank. They relied on antibiotics and hatchery feeds from Taiwan to keep the developing shrimp alive. In many cases, the postlarvae produced in these systems were stunted. They showed little resistance to disease when stocked in ponds. However, since prices were high, hatcheries made a lot of money. Apart from this, there was also brick trade in wild seed, despite problems with size, species and infection.
The promise of high prices for postlarvae led to a proliferation of low-tech hatcheries. When disease and credit problems hit the farms, many hatcheries closed their doors. Prices fell to below $10 per 1,000 postlarvae.
Taiwanese hatcheries were hit the hardest, so the industry switched to a modified Galveston hatchery design. Filipino technicians, with backgrounds in the Galveston method, replaced the Taiwanese technicians. The change in hatchery technology also brought about a change in the feeds used by the hatcheries. We now import brine shrimp eggs from the Great Salt Lake (USA), Frippak Feeds from INVE (Belgium & USA), brine shrimp flakes from Ocean Star International (USA) and formulated diets from Higashimaru and Nippai in Japan. The Filipino technicians had extensive experience with these products in the Philippines.
Now, with the drop in demand for seedstock, the hatchery industry hopes to export postlarvae to neighboring countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
The Current Situation
In spite of all the problems, the present crop (April through September) has shown remarkable improvement in survival and quality. We think India's production of farmed shrimp will rise to 85,000 tons in 1996-97. Less than 20% of the areas under culture are getting reinfected. This dramatic fall in virulence is probably due to better management by farmers. Instead of harvesting small shrimp at the first sign of disease, as they have done in the last two years, many farmers now bring infected shrimp to marketable sizes.
The next few years will be an exciting time for shrimp hatcheries and farms in India. Success will depend on well-planned government policy and support from financial institutions.
(Information: K.O. Isaac, Aquastride Bio-Tech, Ltd., 21, 3rd. Avenue, Besant Nagar, Madras - 600 090, India. Phone 91-44-491-4895, fax 91-44-491-9761)
INDONESIA
For a number of years, the Government has been encouraging shrimp farmers to develop farms away from the population centers on the north coast of Java. Now, in Lampung, Sumatra, there are two farms with 16,000 and 23,000 hectares, respectively; on Sulawesi, two with 15,000 and 18,000 hectares, respectively; on Sumbawa, one with 1,000 hectares; on Maluku, one with 3,000 hectares; and on Kalimantan, one with 400 hectares. This last farm will expand to 2,000 hectares in 1996.
Indonesia 90,000 Hectares in 350,000 Kilograms per 257
metric tons Production Hectare
live weight
No of farms 60,000 No of Hatcheries 400 Species %
% extensive 70 % small-scale 85 P. monodon 85
% semi-intensive 15 % medium-scale 10 P. merguiensis 10
% intensive 15 % large-scale 5 Other 5
The July-September 1996 of Aquaculture Asia reported: Indonesia produces some 10 billion monodon fry a year. The peak of production, however, does not necessarily coincide with the peak demand for fry, so prices fluctuate throughout the year, especially in eastern Java, but not as much in western Java, South Sulawesi and Lampung. Backyard hatcheries have proliferated in some provinces. They actually perform better than medium and large-scale hatcheries. Large-scale hatcheries have problems with diseases, water quality and uneven demand for fry. In Lampung, Sumatra, two large-scale hatcheries produce more than 250 million postlarvae per month. A new company is building a hatchery that will produce 400 million fry per month.
PHILIPPINES
In May 1996, the Aquaculture Department of the Southeast Asia Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) sponsored the Second International Conference on the Culture of Penaeid Shrimp in Iloilo, Philippines. Emphasis was given to hatcheries, growout, nutrition, disease and genetics. The proceedings will be published in the journal Aquaculture.
Philippines 25,000 Hectares in 60,000 Kilograms per 416
metric tons Production Hectare
live weight
No of Farms 1,000 No of hatcheries 300 Species %
% extensive 40 % small-scale 50 P. monodon 100
% semi-intensive 40 % medium-scale 40
% intensive 20 % large-scale 10
THAILAND
World Shrimp Farming 1995, last year's annual report, estimated Thailand's farmed shrimp production at 220,000 metric tons. Reliable sources say that I missed it by 50,000 metric tons, that actual production was closer to 270,000 metric tons, and I think they're right. Assuming 1995's production was 270,000 tons, I estimate Thailand's 1996 production at 160,000 tons, a staggering 40% drop of 110,000 tons.
Thailand 160,000 Hectares in 70,000 Kilograms per 2,285
metric tons Production Hectare
live weight
No of Farms 16,000 No of Hatcheries 1,800 Species %
% extensive 5 % small-scale 90 P. monodon 90
% semi-intensive 15 % medium-scale 9 P. merguiensis 5
% intensive 80 % large-scale 1 P. indicus 5
VIETNAM
Most shrimp farms in Vietnam employ extensive technology, but species, techniques and production vary greatly from north to south.
In the north, the most popular species are Metapenaeus ensis, P. merguiensis and P. japonicus. Yields are low (50-60 kg/ha/yr) because of a scarcity of wild seed. Transporting P. monodon (PL-15s) from the central region to the north (more than 1,000 km) results in low survivals and high costs due to the poor infrastructure. In addition, low temperatures in the winter (October to February) and the great variations in salinity during the rainy season (April to July) impose constraints. Although the potential area for shrimp farming has been estimated at 25,000 hectares, only about 8,500 hectares have been developed, resulting in production of around 540 metric tons a year.
A warm climate, good water quality and an abundance of wild monodon broodstock make the central region an ideal location for shrimp hatcheries. In 1995, the region's 600 hatcheries produced an estimated one billion postlarvae (PL-15). The hatcheries distribute postlarvae throughout the country, but mainly to the Mekong Delta in the south. Shrimp farming in the central region has not developed much due to the mountainous topography. The area under culture is estimated at 7,000 hectares.
In the south, the Mekong Delta is the country's main shrimp farming region. Farming began there in the early 1980s, with a few thousand hectares, and then expanded dramatically to approximately 200,000 hectares by 1994. The cultured species are M. ensis, M. lysianassa, P. merguiensis, P. indicus and P. monodon (imported from the central region).
Vietnam 30,000 Hectares in 200,000 Kilograms per 150
metric tons Production Hectare
live weight
No of Farms 2,000 No of Hatcheries 600 Species %
% extensive 80 % small-scale 95 P. monodon 50
% semi-intensive 15 % medium-scale 5 P. merguiensis 30
% intensive 5 % large-scale 0 P. indicus 20
ABOUT SHRIMP FISHING
World Shrimp Production (Thousands of Metric Tons/Live Weight)
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Farmed 690 721 609 733 712 693
Fished 2,246 2,222 2,217 2,307 2,190 2,080
Totals 2,936 2,943 2,826 3,040 2,902 2,773
1996 World Shrimp Production
Greenland: 85,000 MT
100% fished
United States:131,000 MT
99% fished
1% farmed
Mexico: 67,000 MT
82% fished
18% farmed
Ecuador: 125,000 MT
5% fished
95% farmed
China: 450,000 MT
82% fished
18% farmed
India: 290,000 MT
76% fished
24% farmed
Indonesia: 240,000 MT
64% fished
36% farmed
Philippines: 75,000 MT
66% fished
34% farmed
Thailand: 240,000 MT
33% fished
67% farmed
Vietnam: 70,000 MT
57% fished
43% farmed
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