Larviculture newsletter < Year 2005 < Issue 212

ELECTRONICAL LARVICULTURE NEWSLETTER ISSUE 212
15 January 2005

1. FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT: LARVI 2005 - 4TH FISH & SHELLFISH LARVICULTURE SYMPOSIUM
2. ANNOUNCEMENT: ARTEMIA SEMINAR, Ghent University, Belgium
   
3. Rotifer workshop for Fish and Shellfish Hatchery Producers, Ghent University, Belgium
   
4. INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON TECHNIQUES FOR ENRICHMENT OF LIVE FOOD FOR USE IN LARVICULTURE, URMIA, IRAN
   
5. FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY, KUNMING, CHINA,
6. Preliminary Report: Impacts of the Tsunami on Fisheries, Aquaculture and Coastal Livelihoods
7. RESTORATION OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY SALT PONDS IS BEGUN
8. ISOLATION OF VIBRIO ALGINOLYTICUS AND VIBRIO SPLENDIDUS FROM AQUACULTURED CARPET SHELL CLAM (RUDITAPES DECUSSATUS) LARVAE ASSOCIATED WITH MASS MORTALITIES
9. THE USE OF THE POLYCHAETE WORM NEREIS VIRENS EGGS AS VEHICLE FOR THE DELIVERY OF OXYTETRACYCLINE IN SOLEA SOLEA LARVAE
10. EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR DNA DELIVERY INTO SHRIMP ZYGOTES OF PENAEUS(LITOPENAEUS) VANNAMEI
11. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAGS IN GILTHEAD SEA BREAM (SPARUS AURATA) LIVER AND EMBRYOS
12. ASSESSING THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF THREE JAPANESE FLOUNDER (PARALICHTHYS OLIVACEUS) STOCKS BY MICROSATELLITE MARKERS
13. EFFECT OF WATER TEMPERATURE ON INDIVIDUAL REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY OF POLLACK (POLLACHIUS POLLACHIUS)
14. SPAWNING OF CAPTIVE SENEGAL SOLE (SOLEA SENEGALENSIS) UNDER A NATURALLY FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURE REGIME
15. MORPHOLOGICAL CONDITIONING OF A HATCHERY-RAISED INVERTEBRATE, CALLINECTES SAPIDUS, TO IMPROVE FIELD SURVIVORSHIP AFTER RELEASE
16. THE EFFECT OF HIGH AIR AND WATER TEMPERATURE ON JUVENILE MYTILUS EDULIS IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, CANADA
17. INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SEASON AND SIZE AT DEPLOYMENT ON GROWTH AND RETRIEVAL OF POSTLARVAL LION'S PAW SCALLOP NODIPECTEN NODOSUS (LINNAEUS, 1758) FROM A SUBTROPICAL ENVIRONMENT
18. BATCH AND FED-BATCH CULTIVATIONS OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS USING AMMONIUM SULPHATE AND UREA AS NITROGEN SOURCES
19. CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION IN NILE TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS (L.) BY PHOTOPERIOD MANIPULATION
20. JUVENILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS×OREOCHROMIS AUREUS) REQUIRES DIETARY MYO-INOSITOL FOR MAXIMAL GROWTH
21. USE OF COMMERCIAL ARTEMIA REPLACEMENT DIETS IN CULTURING LARVAL AMERICAN LOBSTERS (HOMARUS AMERICANUS)
22. EFFECT OF DIETARY 22:6N-3 ON GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND TISSUE FATTY ACID PROFILE OF STRIPED TRUMPETER (LATRIS LINEATA) LARVAE FED ENRICHED ARTEMIA
23. EFFECTS OF STARVATION ON LARVAL GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND METAMORPHOSIS OF IVORY SHELL BABYLONIA FORMOSAE HABEI ALTENA ET AL., 1981 (NEOGASTROPODA: BUCCINIDAE)
24. STUDY OF DIGESTIVE PROTEINASES AND PROTEINASE INHIBITORS OF DAPHNIA CARINATA
25. SERUM STEROID PROFILES IN ARTIFICIALLY MATURING FEMALE JAPANESE EEL, ANGUILLA JAPONICA
26. SHORT COMMUNICATION: MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH FILTER MATERIALS IN RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS OF FRESHWATER FISH
27. SHORT COMMUNICATION: GYNOGENESIS INDUCTION AND SEX DETERMINATION IN THE EURASIAN PERCH, PERCA FLUVIATILIS

FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT:
LARVI 2005
4TH FISH & SHELLFISH LARVICULTURE SYMPOSIUM
Ghent University, Belgium
September 5 - 9, 2005

SCOPE:
As a young industry, aquaculture has been evolving quickly over the past 20 years. This is especially true for the multidisciplinary larviculture sector, which forms the basis of the industry.
Following up on the previous larvi symposia (1991, 1995 and 2001), the scope of larvi 2005 is to present the latest developments and challenges in the various disciplines of larviculture research. The aim of larvi 2005 is to bring researchers and professionals together to evaluate recent progress, identify problem areas and stimulate future cooperation in research and industrial production of freshwater as well as marine fish and shellfish larvae.
In view of the positive reactions to the previous larvi symposia, location and format will be maintained for larvi 2005.

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE:
• Patrick Sorgeloos Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center Ghent University, Belgium
• Helge Reinertsen Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
• Frans Ollevier Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE:
• Patrick Sorgeloos and Peter Bossier, Ghent University, Belgium
• Elin Kjorsvik, Yngvar Olsen and Kjell Inge Reitan, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
• Frans Ollevier and Eugene Rurangwa, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
• Sachi Kaushik, INRA Fish Nutrition Research Unit, Saint Pée sur Nivelles, France
• Amos Tandler, National Center for Mariculture, Eilat, Israel
• Hiroshi Fushimi, Fukuyama University, Japan
• Joan Holt, University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, Texas-USA
• Mike Rimmer, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Cairns, Australia
• Maria Teresa Dinis, Algarve University, Faro, Portugal
• Patrick Kestemont, University Notre-Dame de la Paix, Namur, Belgium
• Gonzalo Gajardo, Los Lagos University, Osorno, Chili

TENTATIVE PROGRAMME
• SESSION I. BROODSTOCK MANAGEMENT
o zootechniques, nutrition, egg and larval quality, domestication, sperm quality, genetics, germplasm preservation, genomics and proteomics, transgenics and GMOs, ...
• SESSION II. GENERAL LARVAL BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
o ontogeny, developmental biology, behavior, …
• SESSION III. LIVE FOOD PRODUCTION
o culture techniques, genetics,...
• SESSION IV. LARVAL NUTRITION AND FEEDING
o nutritional requirements, feeding schemes, live food substitutes, ...
• SESSION V. LARVICULTURE ZOOTECHNIQUES
o culture systems, environmental requirements, socio-economic aspects,…
• SESSION VI. MICROBIOLOGY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
o prebiotics, probiotics, diseases and pathogens, viral and bacterial challenge tests, vaccination, phage therapy, …

SECRETARIAT:
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center
Ghent University
Rozier 44
B-9000 Gent, Belgium
phone : +32-9-2643754
telefax: +32-9-2644193
site: www.UGent.be/aquaculture/larvi
e-mail: larvi@UGent.be

ANNOUNCEMENT: ARTEMIA SEMINAR
Ghent University, Belgium
September 5, 2005 At the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Artemia Reference Center (established in 1978 at Ghent University upon suggestion by FAO) a one-day Artemia Seminar will be organized on September 5, the day prior to the start of the larvi 2005 Symposium, at the same venue (www.UGent.be/larvi).
This day invited speakers will share with the audience contemporary insights into different aspects of Artemia biology, e.g. taxonomy and zoogeography, population genetics and evolutionary biology, physiology and biochemistry, sustainable exploitation and conservation.
For this Anniversary day, there will be no call for papers, nor will a poster session be organized.
As the total number of participants will be restricted, advance registration is required . In view of the celebratory character of this day no registration fee is charged.
for more information, contact:
Gilbert Van Stappen
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center,
Ghent University, Rozier 44, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
tel. 32-9-264 37 62 / 264 37 54
fax 32-9-264 41 93
artemia@UGent.be
www.UGent.be/aquaculture

Rotifer workshop for Fish and Shellfish Hatchery Producers
Ghent University, Belgium
September 9, 2005
This workshop will take place on September 9, 2005 following the larvi'05 conference (www.Ugent.be/larvi) at the Ghent University Aula (Volderstraat 9, 9000 Gent, Belgium) from 10:00 till 16:00 The success of larviculture of marine finfish and several crustacean species still largely depends on the availability of high quality rotifiers. A lot of research has been put into the mass production of Brachionus plicatilis. This research combined with observations in the hatcheries and the skills of the farmers, have led to different culture methods and protocols. Nevertheless, unpredictable crashes still occur. The outcome of several European research projects dealing with rotifer culture and use will be presented with suggestion for best practices.
This workshop is envisaged especially for hatchery managers and live feed producers who want to be informed on the latest results of aquaculture-relevant rotifer research. The following themes will be addressed:
• Overview of common rotifer culture practices
• Use of recirculation systems for rotifer culture
• Influence of microbial community on rotifer culture
• Diversity of rotifers used at European commercial hatcheries
• Effect of culture techniques and/or feeding protocol on the rotifer diversity
• Rotifer quality for fish larvae
This is an initiative of the EU research project ROTIGEN "Genetic implications in the production of rotifers in commercial finfish hatcheries"
(http://allserv.UGent.be/aquaculture/rend/rotigen/index.html)

INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON TECHNIQUES FOR ENRICHMENT OF LIVE FOOD FOR USE IN LARVICULTURE, URMIA, IRAN, 7-12 March 2005
From: agh1960@yahoo.com This is to kindly inform you that an will be organized jointly by our resarch center, ARC and the Ministry of Science of Iran from 7-12 March 2005 at Urmia-Iran. It would be a pleasure for us to welcome your colleagues or students who are interested to participate. For more info please visit our website www.urmia.ac.ir/rcs/artemia Naser Agh
Director of Artemia and Aquatic Animals Research Center,
Urmia University, Urmia - 57153, Iran.
Phone No.: 0098-441-3440295
Fax No.: 0098-441-3443442
Mobile Phone: 0098-914-345-1696
E-Mail: n.agh@mail.urmia.ac.ir
Url : http://www.urmia.ac.ir/rcs/artemia

FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY, KUNMING, CHINA, 24-30 July 2005 The Executive Committee of International Society for Applied Phycology (EC, ISAP) and the Local Organizing Committee of the 10th International Conference in the field of applied phycology/algology (LOC-ISAP10) cordially invite you to participate in an International Conference on Algae and Environment to be held in Kunming, China on 24-30 July, 2005. The International Conferences of ISAP (originated from theInternational Conference on Applied Algology) have greatly promoted the scientific exchange and scientists' direct contact. Phycologists, scientists, researchers, engineers, manufacturers, enterprisers, contractors, economists, industry representatives, policymakers and students in the related fields have been greatly benefited from these conferences. Now, the Conference ISAP10 will provide the largest and most comprehensive forum for exchanges on the latest advances in the
field of algal biotechnology and applied phycology, specially emphasizing the environmental importance of the omnipresent algae; also the LOC-ISAP hope the coming conference will provide an unparalleled opportunity for everyone to become current on the opportunities that
algal biotechnology offers in the fields of aquaculture, molecule biology, agriculture, and algal bioremediation, ubiquitously.
Please go to http://www.ihb.ac.cn/isap/index.htm for more details, and deadline for submission of the abstract is May 15, 2005. Renhui Li, Ph.D.
Department of Microbiology
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
Tel: 865-974-4014
Fax: 865-974-4007
Email: rli3@utk.edu

Preliminary Report: Impacts of the Tsunami on Fisheries, Aquaculture and Coastal Livelihoods (as of 17.00 hrs , 03 January 2005), NACA, Bangkok
This is a very early report of the impacts on coastal livelihoods of the Indian Ocean tsunami. It will be constantly built up as more information are included, and made meaningful with subsequent analyses. The purpose of this assessment effort is to determine the needed resources and efforts to quickly restore shattered livelihoods in the stricken communities. We are sharing this report with concerned agencies, organizations, institutions, groups, who are requested to build onto it and exchange the results so that in the ultimate we come up with a sharper, more focused and comprehensive assessment. The assessment should then be in consultation with other like-minded organizations, governments, communities, and other stakeholders – translated into priority needs. The needs will be addressed by projects designed to provide the best possible impact on restoring shattered livelihoods and rehabilitating affected communities as well as the sources or bases for their livelihoods that may also have been seriously damaged. The information in here are from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Information from Myanmar is from media reports, and information from Bangladesh and Maldives are absent as we have not received or found specific information on these countries. Loss of lives and property are being reported as light in the mass media in these 3 countries, but we shall include damages to their coastal livelihoods bases subsequently. This report now consists of two parts: Part I is a qualitative, quantitative and graphic report of damages and Part II is an example of developing an indicative level of funding to rehabilitate or restore the sources of livelihoods that have been damaged. The case draws from published reports and what we know of Aceh and North Sumatra (from our Asia-Pacific Marine Finfish R and D Network). For a more useful document, a third section should include a more detailed resource needs including technical assistance (costed, even if voluntary), technical support services, and infrastructure. It will not include direct grants of cash to families. A fourth section may be a set of priorities as a basis for formulating projects. We welcome suggestions. In short the report suggests a framework to progress this assessment into a comprehensive and useful document for planning rehabilitation activities.
Sih Yang Sim and Pedro B Bueno, NACA Part I. Damages INDIA 1. Report by B.Vishnu Bhat. JD (Aqua) MPEDA • West Coast
 Kerala: total loss is estimated around Rs. 149 lakh, at least 14 shrimp hatcheries affected covering 4 districts (Kollam, Alleppey, Ernakulam, and Kannur). Most of these are small-scale hatcheries, but some may have employed a few local workers who are now livelihood being affected.
• East Coast
 Tamil Nadu: total loss is estimated at around Rs. 627 lakh, which including a 120 ha of small-scale shrimp farms in Nagapattinam and Karaikal (Pondicherry) districts, and 11 hatcheries.
 Thirumullaivasal: 3 seabass hatcheries are badly affected, and one seabass farm is totally submerged. Estimation of the damages cannot be carried out as the water level has not gone down (5 feet).
 Madras: compound wall of the lobster fattening centre was totally damaged.
 Qulachal, Cape Comarin, Velankanni, etc.: many fishing villages in these areas loss human life, fishing boats, shelters and other belongings.
• Andhra Pradesh
 Fishermen along 1,000 km coastline here were the worst hit by tsunamis. The majority of 104 people killed in the state were fishermen.
 According to officials 400 fish tanks were damaged. Fishermen lost some 2,000 fishing boats and 47,370 nets.
 Unofficial estimated loss at Rs. 500 million. The trawlers, fishing equipment and fish stored for exports were all damaged at Visakhapatnam.
 A majority of nearly 300,000 fishermen were rendered jobless and they are estimated to be losing Rs. 50 million a day. Fishing is a major trade activity in coastal Andhra. The state produces 200,000 tonnes of marine fish every year.
 Aquaculture farms over 400 acres were also damaged. The state’s seafood industry accounts for 25-30 percent of India total seafood exports.
 (Source: http://www.newkerala.com/newsdaily/news/features.php?action=fullnews&id=51744) 2. Initial report from the BOBP-IGO Director (Dr Y.Yadava) The fisheries sector in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Andaman & Nicobar Islands has suffered major damages - some firm estimates would be available only in the next 7-10 days, when the areas become accessible. Worst hit places like Nagapattinam have been closed (both entry and exit) fearing epidemics. BOBP-IGO is closely monitoring the situation through its NGO network. Similar damages to coastal marine fisheries and community have taken place in Sri Lanka and to a lesser extent in the Maldives. The following photos were provided by Dr.Y.Yadava of the damaged fishing boats. 3. Additional Information from India private sector (late breaking) Following are the damages of Tsunami:
Shrimp hatcheries: In Kovalam, Marakanam and Pondy belt, most of the hatcheries have lost their pump houses, fencing etc., The affected hatcheries are Best Aqua, Raj and a new unnamed hatchery. In Oceanic hatchery, surface bores and pump houses were mostly hit.
In Poompukar area, Amalgam, Spencers/Bismi hatcheries were severely affected with damages to motors and pumps. The above is the situation at the State of Tamil Nadu.
In Andhra Pradesh most of the hatcheries were not much affected except Thupilipalem in Nellore District were some damages have been reported with Geekay, Coastal and Royal hatcheries.
The hatcheries at Chirala, Bapatla, Kakinada and Vizag were unaffected. Shrimp Farms: Farms at Cuddalore, Chidambaram, Sirkali were severely affected with collapsed bunds and damaged pumps. The damage is very severe in Bismi, Amalgam and Spencer Farm. M&M /Maruthi Aqua farms lost their total entire crop.
Shrimp farms in Vellar esturaries (Chidambaram, sirkali) were heavily damaged from seawater inundation Farms in Muthupet (Mangrove area) were also water logged. Sea based farms in Tharangampadi, Vedaranyam, Nagapattinam, Velankanni were severely hit by tsunami with their bunds obliterated and their equipment including motors and pumps destroyed. Casualties: Mr.Vijayakumar, Technical Assistant at Muttukadu Hatchery of CIBA lost his life. Mr. Murugan, Farm Technician in Vedaranyam was also caught in Tsunami expired. Missing: Few seafood processing workers went for purchasing shrimp in Vedaranyam area had been missing. They were employed in Aswini Cold Storage, Chennai. Capture Fisheries: Most of the fishing boats were broken, also crippling capture fisheries especially in Pazhayar, Poompugar and Vanagiri area. In this regard, shrimp broodstock collection would also stop, impacting adversely on the ikelihjood of having a crop in the next season. Sea catches will come down because of damages to fishing boats/vessels. 4. Other Related News – India (…) INDONESIA Information on estimated damages to fisheries, aquaculture and coastal livelihood in Northern Sumatra is still very limited due to poor accessibility to the area by fisheries officials. Indonesian contacts of NACA, with the Directorate General for Aquaculture, have informed NACA a team is in Sumatra. We are expected to receive more damage reports early January 2005. Early status report on the facility, Regional Centre for Brackishwater Aquaculture - Ujung Batee in Aceh said 20 houses destroyed, extensive damage to center, and 3 staff members or family members dead (By Maya Sudjarwo, Director for International Cooperation, DGA, Indonesia). Potential damages:
The following information indicates potential losses based on published “pre-tsunami” information on the status of cage culture in the area: North Sumatra – West Coast Region
The area available for marine fish farming was almost 400 ha, mostly in Central Tapanuli and Sibolga districts (Tapian Nauli Bay). In 1989, there were only 14 cage farms, but by 1994 the number had increased to 398 (Robert Napitupulu, 1998). Since the development of grouper hatchery production technology by the Research Centre for Mariculture-Gondol and other development centers (Lampung, Batam and Situbondo), grouper fingerlings from hatchery have become more readily available and abundant, which stimulated the rapid expansion of grouper farming in Indonesia from 2002. It is very likely that the number of farms in North Sumatra, by the date of the tsunami, was in excess of 1,000 farms. A cage unit (4 cages) usually employs 2 people. Many of the farms have more than 4 and up to 20 cage units. Indonesia Aquaculture Statistics 2002, Directorate General of Aquaculture 2004 THE NUMBER OF AQUACULTURE HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE OF CULTURE IN SUMATRA PROVINCE IN 2002
 

AQUACULTURE AREAS AND THE NUMBER OF AQUACULTURE HOUSEHOLD AND FARMER IN SUMATRA PROVINCE FOR 2002
 

AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION BY TYPE OF CULTURE IN SUMATRA FOR 2002 (MT)
 

AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION BY TYPE OF CULTURE IN SUMATRA FOR 2002 (RP.1,000,000)
 

MALAYSIA The northern states of west coast peninsular Malaysia are badly affected. About 5,200 fishers with estimated loss of RM 29.3 million; 155 fish farmers with estimated
loss of RM23.9 million are affected. The government is giving RM 500 per family as initial help (From the DG Fisheries, Malaysia). Floating cage farms at Tanjung Dawai (Penang) were very severely damaged, farmers lost everything, their cages smashed by the tsunami. Floating cage farms at the south of Bukit Tambun area were wracked, and estimated loss of around RM 10 million. At Pulau Aman, some cages were damaged with loss of fish (a report from Dr. Leong Tak Seng, Penang). MYANMAR Myanmar fishing village 'swept away' by killer tsunami (…)
http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/125398/1/.html SRI LANKA The initial broad assessment of the Chairman of the NACA Governing Council who is the Director General of Fisheries Development was that their “fishery industry has been pushed back to its 1950 status”. No information is available yet on estimated damages on the affects of tsunamis to fisheries, aquaculture and coastal livelihood. Follow up with NACA Governing Council Chairman and TAC members is being conducted. THAILAND 1. Director General Statement – Department of Fisheries, Thailand (Dec 30) Six provinces facing the Andaman Sea which were hit hard by the tsunamis are Ranong, Phang-gna, Krabi, Phuket, Trang and Satun. The damages on fisheries and aquaculture are estimated at 1.753 billion baht. Some 2,818 fishing boats were either damaged or total wrecked. Some 27,409 floating cages for fish farming in these 6 provinces were damaged or totally lost. Details of damages and losses reported by DOF Thailand are listed below: Fishing Boats – total number 2,818, lost of a total Baht 476 million
Phuket: 981; Phang-nga: 600; Satun: 580; Krabi: 401; Trang: 176; Ranong: 80 Floating cage Farms – total 27,409, lost of a total Baht 1.28 billion
Phuket: 2,415 cages; Krabi: 4,205; Phang-nga: 6,000; Satun: 7,167; Trang: 394; Ranong: 4,228; Other areas: 3,000 2. TDH Project to Develop Seafarming Opportunities for fishers and coastal families: by Mr Alessandro Montaldi, Project Manager (Dec 27)
The project was provided technical assistance by NACA and DOF (…) 3. Other Related News – Thailand (…)
http://www.bangkokpost.com/News/02Jan2005_news06.php Part II. Magnitude of Funding Required for Rehabilitation As mentioned above, this section provides an example of assessing and determining the level of funding required to rehabilitate destroyed sources of livelihoods. The first example is on cage structures which are a production unit, the second is on hatcheries which are support facilities. Indicative cost of re-establishing facilities for livelihoods
The attached costs and return estimates for cages and small-scale multipurpose hatcheries can be used to estimate the direct costs to restore or set up in new coastal areas cages and hatcheries. We are using this case below as an example of estimating losses and estimating the level of funding needed to restore what has been lost. Based on the statistics from Indonesia, the first table below shows the number of fishfarming households, their production level and the value of the production. SYNTHESIS OF COASTAL AQUACULTURE* STATISTICS BASED ON DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR AQUACULTURE OFFICIAL STATISTICS FOR 2002
 

* “Coastal aquaculture” includes marine culture, brackishwater pond culture, floating cages, and paddy field for small-scale integrated aquaculture. This table assumes a severity of damage of 50% in Aceh and 30% in North Sumatra. This assumption (needless to say should have to be “ground-truthed” gives a picture of how many fishfarming households were affected and the loss in production volume and its value. CALCULATION OF COASTAL AQUACULTURE LIVELIHOOD IMPACT BY TSUNAMIS (BASED ON A AN ASSUMED LEVEL OF SEVERITY)
 

* US$1 = Rupiah 9,000 The data from published sources give the following information:

A. COST OF REHABILITATING PRODUCTION CAGES:
The total floating cage production for these two areas is 3,497 (mt). It is common for a small-scale floating cage farm to produce around 300-400 kg (average 350 kg) of fish from a 3x3x3m net cage. Thus to produce 3,497 mt of fish requires a total of around 10,000 net cages.

The assumed severity of damage would yield a total of 4,000 net cages (40%) destroyed. To rehabitate these damaged cages a total of 1,000s unit floating cages is needed (i.e. 1 unit = 4 cages). A unit of floating cage farm requires US$ 24,000 or US$ 6,000 per cage. For 1,000 units a total of US$6 million is needed. This is a rough but illustrative estimation but it should be pointed out that the US$6 million in this calculation is only the capital investment. Operating expenses are not included. The model (not included in this text) is based on the production of groupers (a high value food fish). Should if lower value, low input species such as milkfish, seabass, or tilapia are the targets, operating expenses would be lower. B. COST OF ESTABLISHING SUPPORT FACILITIES; I.E. HATCHERIES:
The seed requirement of 4,000 cages is 1 million fingerlings, which is required to produce 350 kg of fish (500 gram apiece) per cage per year at an estimated survival rate of around 70%. Produce 1 million grouper fingerlings will require a total of about 40 small-scale hatcheries with an annual production of 25,000 fingerlings each. The total investment (both capital and operating expenses) for each small-scale hatchery is around US$5,000. Thus, building or rebuilding 40 small-scale hatcheries would need US$ 200,000 is needed. Small-scale hatcheries in Indonesia obtain fertilized eggs from government hatcheries, which were not affected. They hatch and rear the fertilized eggs for eventual sale to growers. A hatchery is therefore a livelihood activity by itself for a household. All these calculations are rough estimations. And it may not be necessary for all of the cage farms to produce high value food fish species such as grouper. It would be urgent to produce a lot of low-cost fish, should the tsunami wave also destroyed the corals and breeding grounds of the usual wild species that the fishers used to catch.
For food security other species such as milkfish and tilapia may be good alternatives. For these low value species investment are lower and culture systems other than cages can be used, for example earthen ponds.

RESTORATION OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY SALT PONDS IS BEGUN
By CAROLYN MARSHALL, New York Times, July 20, 2004 SUNNYVALE, Calif., July 19 - A rush of salty pond water spilled into a slough at the southern tip of San Francisco Bay on Monday, setting in motion one of the largest wetlands restorations in the United States.
The goal is to return stagnant industrial ponds to teeming tidal wet-lands.
With a firm twist of three sluice-gate turn wheels, the pond water flowed at 75,000 gallons a minute into the first section of the Cargill Salt Ponds for the first time in more than 60 years. The release is the first phase of a 30-year project managed by state and federal wildlife officials who hope to return natural tidal flows to 16,500 acres of salt ponds that ring the bay and a region 40 miles north near the Napa River.
Known as the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project, the effort is planned as the largest restoration in the West and the third largest in the country, exceeded only by projects for the Florida Everglades and the Mississippi River.
It was made possible in March 2003 when Cargill, the agricultural giant in Minneapolis that harvests salt in the Bay Area mostly to manufacture chemicals, sold the 53-pond system for $100 million.
"This is one of the most dynamic, complicated restoration projects in the country," said Steve Thompson, who manages California and Nevada for the Federal Fish and Wildlife Service.
Complications, Mr. Thompson said, center on the nature of the bay, a vast estuary characterized by dynamic flows, varied depths and un-usual currents. Close to 200,000 acres of tidal marsh and wetland habitat once blanketed the waterways, part of the Pacific Flyway.
Wildlife biologists say 90 percent of the original wetland habitat has disappeared because of paving, biking and diverting water to build houses and industries.
Some biologists said such an extensive restoration was literally impossible (…).
Five ponds opened on Monday, watering the first 1,350 acres of a 4,000-acre complex of ponds bordered by Sunnyvale and Mountain View. The site is one of the least salty, supporting hearty waterfowl like white pelicans, green herons and pie-billed grebes. Some of the saltiest ponds, however, are virtually lifeless. Marge Kolar, manager of the San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge Complex, which includes large tracts of salt ponds, said it would take five years to create natural tidal flows that could cleanse the ponds and at least 20 years for full restoration.
As native grasses take hold and tidal marshes blossom, scientists expect to see healthier runs of Chinook and Steelhead salmon and eventually hope to revive two endangered populations, the California clapper rail and the salt marsh harvest mouse.
The work may face some problems. Ms. Kolar said opening the ponds to purer bay water could stir sediments that contain toxins, including unsafe levels of mercury that a nearby mine released ages ago (…)

ISOLATION OF VIBRIO ALGINOLYTICUS AND VIBRIO SPLENDIDUS FROM AQUACULTURED CARPET SHELL CLAM (RUDITAPES DECUSSATUS) LARVAE ASSOCIATED WITH MASS MORTALITIES
J. Gómez-León, L. Villamil, M. L. Lemos, B. Novoa, A. Figueras-2005
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(1): 98-104
Abstract:
Two episodes of mortality of cultured carpet shell clams (Ruditapes decussatus) associated with bacterial infections were recorded during 2001 and 2002 in a commercial hatchery located in Spain. Vibrio alginolyticus was isolated as the primary organism from moribund clam larvae that were obtained during the two separate events. Vibrio splendidus biovar II, in addition to V. alginolyticus, was isolated as a result of a mixed Vibrio infection from moribund clam larvae obtained from the second mortality event. The larval mortality rates for these events were 62 and 73%, respectively. Mortality was also detected in spat. To our knowledge, this is the fist time that these bacterial species have been associated with larval and juvenile carpet shell clam mortality. The bacterial strains were identified by morphological and biochemical techniques and also by PCR and sequencing of a conserved region of the 16S rRNA gene. In both cases bacteria isolated in pure culture were inoculated into spat of carpet shell clams by intravalvar injection and by immersion. The mortality was attributed to the inoculated strains, since the bacteria were obtained in pure culture from the soft tissues of experimentally infected clams. V. alginolyticus TA15 and V. splendidus biovar II strain TA2 caused similar histological lesions that affected mainly the mantle, the velum, and the connective tissue of infected organisms. The general enzymatic activity of both live cells and extracellular products (ECPs), as evaluated by the API ZYM system, revealed that whole bacterial cells showed greater enzymatic activity than ECPs and that the activity of most enzymes ceased after heat treatment (100°C for 10 min). Both strain TA15 and strain TA2 produced hydroxamate siderophores, although the activity was greater in strain TA15. ECPs from both bacterial species at high concentrations, as well as viable bacteria, caused significant reductions in hemocyte survival after 4 h of incubation, whereas no significant differences in viability were observed during incubation with heat-killed bacteria.
(Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Corresponding author: e-mail: pato1@iim.csic.es.

THE USE OF THE POLYCHAETE WORM NEREIS VIRENS EGGS AS VEHICLE FOR THE DELIVERY OF OXYTETRACYCLINE IN SOLEA SOLEA LARVAE
P. Katharios, R. P. Smullen ,V. Inglis-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 1-7
Abstract:
The eggs of the polychaete worm Nereis virens were used as a vehicle for the delivery of oxytetracycline (OTC) in Dover sole, Solea solea larvae. The eggs were osmotically loaded, and the level of antibiotic was estimated by HPLC and a microbiological bioassay. The amount of OTC in the N. virens eggs was over 1 μg per egg, which was considered more than sufficient for a therapeutic dose for larval fish. The loaded eggs were tested on the sole larvae, and the results of the experiment (9 μg OTC per fish larva) indicated that the eggs of the Nereis worm can be used as biocarriers of water soluble drugs.
(Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK; email of P. Katharios: katharios@imbc.gr)

EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR DNA DELIVERY INTO SHRIMP ZYGOTES OF PENAEUS(LITOPENAEUS) VANNAMEI
P. S. Sun, N. C. Venzon, Jr., F. R.O. Calderon, D. M. Esaki-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 19-26
Abstract:
This paper reports the relative efficiency of gene transfer into Penaeus(Litopenaeus) vannamei shrimp zygotes by microinjection, electroporation, and transfection reagent. The gene constructs, pβactP2-TSV-CP(AS), containing the shrimp beta-actin promoter and the partial sequence of the target gene (493 bp) encoding Taura syndrome virus coat protein (TSV-CP) in antisense orientation, were used in this study. Gene transfer experiments were performed at the one-cell stage (within 50-min postspawning) of fertilized shrimp eggs. Hatching rates were about 3–5%, 25–35%, and 50–60% for microinjection, electroporation, and transfection methods, respectively. Expression of the target gene as determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed 10–20% using microinjection, 10–15% using electroporation, and 40–60% using the transfection reagent, jetPEI. In a separate experiment, when shrimp zygotes were transfected with the pβactP2-TSV-CP(AS)/jetPEI complex prior to the formation of the jelly layer (between 8 and 13 min postspawning) and raised until they were 5-months-old, the target gene, Taura syndrome virus coat protein (TSV-CP), was detected in 13 out of 18 transformed shrimp via genomic PCR assay, indicating a 72% gene transfer efficiency. This study demonstrates that treating the shrimp zygotes with the DNA/jetPEI complex at the prejelly layer stage exhibits higher gene transfer efficiency in shrimp.
(Pacific Biomedical Research Center, University of Hawaii-Manoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA; email of P.S. Sun: piera@pbrc.hawaii.edu)

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAGS IN GILTHEAD SEA BREAM (SPARUS AURATA) LIVER AND EMBRYOS
E. Sarropoulou, D. M. Power, A. Magoulas, R. Geisler, G. Kotoulas-2005
Aquaculture, 243(1-4): 69-81
Abstract:
The gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) is one of the main European aquaculture products and a prospective model species for the Sparidae, which includes several other commercially important species. Future selective breeding of aquaculture stocks will be heavily underpinned by molecular genetic techniques, especially by marker-assisted selection (MAS). Gene marker resources in marine fish species, however, lag behind those of other agricultural animals, and only scanty information exists about the genetic source of phenotypic variation and the identity of quantitative trait loci (QTL). In order to develop molecular resources in gilthead sea bream, complementary DNA libraries were constructed from liver and mixed embryo and larval stages by unidirectional cloning. A long-read expressed sequence tag (EST) database was generated, containing 1394 cDNA clones representing 852 unique cDNA sequence-reads. Tissue-specific patterns of gene expression were determined when grouped using the proposal for characterizing cellular component put forward by the Gene Ontology consortium. Transcripts encoding cytoskeletal proteins were most abundant in the embryonic/larval library, while the most abundant transcripts in the liver library encoded secreted and extracellular proteins. Of both libraries, 505 clones were sequenced in both orientations (5′ and 3′ end sequencing), where 226 clones were determined as full-length sequence reads. Cluster analysis of 3′end-sequenced clones from both libraries revealed that alternative polyadenylation signals were utilized, although no evidence of alternative splicing was found. We report for the first time for gilthead sea bream or any sparid a transcriptional analysis of two tissues and briefly consider the utility of ESTs for characterizing tissue-specific expression profiles.
(Department of Genetics and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Biology of Crete, P.O. Box 2214, 710 03 Iraklio, Crete, Greece; email of E. Sarropoulou: elena.sarropoulou@tuebingen.mpg.de)

ASSESSING THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF THREE JAPANESE FLOUNDER (PARALICHTHYS OLIVACEUS) STOCKS BY MICROSATELLITE MARKERS
Yunguo Liu, Songlin Chen, Bafang Li-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 103-111
Abstract:
Ten highly variable microsatellite loci were used to investigate one common population and two selected hatchery populations of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. All of the 10 microsatellite loci screened in this study showed marked polymorphism. A total of 76 different alleles were observed over all loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3.67 to 8.67. The average of observed (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.610 to 1.000, and from 0.536 to 0.821, respectively. A total of 14 unique alleles were found in common population, and 3 unique alleles each were found in susceptible and resistant populations. The effective number of alleles varied from 2.14 for Po35 to 5.60 for Po91. The number of genotypes ranged from 5.33 for Po56 to 12.33 for Po1. Compared with the common population, the two selected hatchery populations, susceptible and resistant, showed significant genetic changes such as fewer alleles per locus, a smaller number of low-frequency alleles, and a small number of unique alleles and a small number of genotypes, all indicative of a reduction in genetic diversity. Intentional or accidental release of selected Japanese flounders into natural sea areas might result in disturbance of local gene pools and loss of genetic variability. So, it is needed to monitor genetic variability of selected hatchery populations for the conservation of natural Japanese flounder resources.
(Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071,China; email of Songlin Chen: chensl@ysfri.ac.cn)

EFFECT OF WATER TEMPERATURE ON INDIVIDUAL REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY OF POLLACK (POLLACHIUS POLLACHIUS)
M. Suquet, Y. Normant, J.L. Gaignon, L. Quéméner, C. Fauvel-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 113-120
Abstract:
The effects of water temperature on pollack (Pollachius pollachius) spawning features were individually assessed. During the spawning period, nine fish sets, each composed of one female and two males (mean body weight: 2.5±1.0 kg), were placed in small-volume tanks (2 m3). Fish sets were held at 8, 10, or 12 °C (n=3 for each temperature).
Three females released eggs at 8 and 10 °C, while only two spawned at 12 °C. One hundred thirty-one individual spawns were collected from the eight spawning fish sets. The number of spawns collected per female was significantly lower at 12 °C (3.0±3.6), compared to 10 °C (17.3±10.1) and 8 °C (23.3±2.5). Egg number (eggs kg−1 BW) was significantly lowered at 12 °C (26,068±35,989) compared to 10 °C (323,230±136,796) and 8 °C (599,612±249,545). The number of viable eggs (eggs kg−1 BW) was significantly lower at 12 °C (4,175±7,167) compared to 8 °C (192,034±145,870).
When incubated at a common temperature of 10 °C, hatching and malformation percentages were significantly enhanced for breeders maintained at 8 °C (respectively, 35.8±8.5–7.3±1.4%) compared to 10 °C (9.8±8.0–2.3±1.8%). Then, pooling data were recorded at the three temperatures; a significant decrease of egg diameter with time was observed.
The individual reproductive activity of pollack experienced by breeders was deeply affected by temperature during the spawning period. A temperature of 12 °C is suggested to be close to the temperature reproduction upper limit in this species.
(Ifremer, Laboratoire ARN, BP 70, Plouzané 29280, France; email of M. Suquet:
msuquet@ifremer.fr

SPAWNING OF CAPTIVE SENEGAL SOLE (SOLEA SENEGALENSIS) UNDER A NATURALLY FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURE REGIME
V. Anguis, J.P. Cañavate-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 133-145
Abstract:
Senegal sole aquaculture is at present limited due to poor reproduction of captive breeders in many facilities. Temperature seems to play an important role in controlling reproduction of Solea senegalensis, and differences in temperature regimes followed by various hatcheries are likely to be responsible for lack of success in some of them. This work describes the reproduction of captive soles, held in facilities that used water at ambient temperature, from a marshy environment where this species naturally breeds. Acclimated sole breeders were kept for two consecutive years. The main spawning period occurred from February to May, with a secondary spawning in autumn. Total yearly fecundity ranged from 1.15×106 to 1.65×106 eggs kg−1 body weight. Of the total egg batches produced, only 5.4% corresponded to autumn spawns. The male population was found to produce sperm all year round, with a maximum proportion of 100% occurring in spring, and a minimum proportion of around 50% in summer. Females showed the more developed ovary stages from October to May, with partial regression in the summer months. During the main spawning period, eggs were produced between 46% and 69% of days.
Spawning took place at temperatures from 13 to 23 °C, although higher fecundities (P<0.05) occurred between 15 and 21 °C. Within the range between 17 and 20 °C, the mean number of spawned eggs was 29,600±21,600 eggs day−1 kg−1. Most of the eggs (65–73%) were produced after temperature increased up to 2.5 °C within 3 days prior to spawning. Mean egg fertilization was 63.1±17% (year 2002) and 44.9±18% (year 2003), and hatching rates varied from 69.7±24% (2002) to 56.5 ±25% (2003). Weak correlations were found between either fertilization or hatching and fecundity, whereas a positive regression (P<0.05) indicated that higher hatching rates were achieved when fertilization increased. A weak, but significantly (P<0.05) positive correlation was found between egg fertilization and the spawning temperature. Present results indicate temperature is an important control factor for reproduction of S. senegalensis, and suggest it can be used to properly manage controlled captive reproduction of this species.
(Centro de Investigación y Formación Acuícola y Pesquera “El Toruño”, IFAPA, Junta de Andalucía, Apartado 16, 11500 Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain; email of J. Cañavate: josep.canavate@juntadeandalucia.es

MORPHOLOGICAL CONDITIONING OF A HATCHERY-RAISED INVERTEBRATE, CALLINECTES SAPIDUS, TO IMPROVE FIELD SURVIVORSHIP AFTER RELEASE
J.L.D. Davis, M.G. Eckert-Mills, A.C. Young-Williams, A.H. Hines, Y. Zohar-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 147-58
Abstract:
For recruitment-limited, severely depleted fishery stocks, stock enhancement may become an important technique in the return of population sizes to sustainable levels. Aquaculture-reared individuals, however, may face some disadvantages upon release into the wild due to differences between natural conditions and the hatchery. The goal of this study was to test whether field survivorship of hatchery-raised blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, could be improved by simple conditioning steps, taking advantage of phenotypic plasticity in certain traits. This species is currently the focus of a preliminary stock enhancement program in the Chesapeake Bay. Results indicate that unconditioned hatchery crabs had lower survivorship than wild crabs in the field and differed in carapace color and lateral spine length. Both traits were plastic. Carapace color was changeable within 1–2 days, without a molt, upon the exposure of crabs to new substrates. However, colors within the range produced in this study did not significantly affect survivorship in a field or a laboratory experiment. Change in spine length required exposure to predators for 1–4 weeks. Exposure to fish predators resulted in increased spine length, though exposure to adult blue crabs had no significant effect. Crabs with lengthened spines had significantly higher survivorship in both laboratory and field experiments, suggesting that this feature may be one on which to focus large-scale conditioning efforts. Results of this study suggest a level of phenotypic plasticity that may contribute to the blue crab's ability to take advantage of multiple estuarine habitat types. On a more applied level, results of this study suggest that at least some deficiencies in hatchery-raised organisms can be alleviated and would likely lead to improved success and efficiency of stock enhancement efforts. Similar studies on other hatchery-raised invertebrates and finfishes may also lead to improvements in their enhancement programs.
(Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, USA; email of J. Davis: janalddavis@yahoo.com)

THE EFFECT OF HIGH AIR AND WATER TEMPERATURE ON JUVENILE MYTILUS EDULIS IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, CANADA
N. LeBlanc, T. Landry, H. Stryhn, R. Tremblay, M. McNiven, J. Davidson-2005
Aquaculture 243 (1-4): 185-194
Abstract:
Mussel aquaculture on Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, is an important but relatively new industry. Although seed manipulation using hatcheries for mussel culture occurs on the west coast of North America, seed supply on the east coast of Canada, including Prince Edward Island (PEI), is based solely on wild collection. Two techniques for culling seed (<10 mm) were studied in this experiment to look at the effect on productivity, measured as size, growth and survival. The separate effects of air exposure or high water temperature treatments on a sample of Mytilus edulis spat were examined in the lab and in the field. The in vitro treatments resulted in a 50% mortality from an air exposure of 11 h at 27 °C and 75% mortality from a 6-h exposure to 33 °C water. Survivors of each treatment (n=1152) were measured, along with controls (n=2304) and randomly placed in compartmentalized (condo) cages. Cages were deployed on a mussel farm in each of three bays on Prince Edward Island, Canada. Size, growth and survival were monitored over a 10-month period. After the initial treatment, survivors of the air exposure treatment were significantly (p<0.01) larger than the control. Survivors of the high water temperature treatment were smaller than the control (p<0.01). Results from the field study showed that the treatments had a significant effect on size, growth and survival. These results suggest that relatively simple husbandry practices of weeding out weaker mussel seed can affect productivity. Given the limited availability for lease expansion in PEI bays, new husbandry practices are an important avenue to investigate, in order for the mussel industry to maximize production capability.
(Atlantic Veterinary College, Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3; email of N. LeBlanc: ngleblanc@upei.ca)

INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, SEASON AND SIZE AT DEPLOYMENT ON GROWTH AND RETRIEVAL OF POSTLARVAL LION'S PAW SCALLOP NODIPECTEN NODOSUS (LINNAEUS, 1758) FROM A SUBTROPICAL ENVIRONMENT
G.S. Rupp, G.J. Parsons, R.J. Thompson, M.M. de Bem-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 195-216
Abstract:
The effect of seasonal variation of environmental factors on daily shell growth rates (DGR) of postlarval Nodipecten nodosus was studied at the southern distribution limit of the species in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Five deployments of hatchery produced postlarvae (initial shell height 0.5 mm) in the sea-based nursery were carried out from August 2000 to September 2001, and DGR and percent retrievals were recorded. Chlorophyll-a, seston, salinity, dissolved oxygen and turbidity were measured weekly, and temperature was recorded hourly. Additionally, DGR and retrievals were compared for postlarvae maintained simultaneously in the sea- and land-based nurseries (initial shell height 0.5 mm), and also for post-larvae deployed in the sea-based nursery at different initial sizes (0.29–1.1 mm). Mean DGR was significantly lower in late winter–early spring 2000 (0.045 mm day−1), intermediate in late winter–early spring 2001 (0.078 mm day−1) and significantly higher in the other seasons (late spring–early summer, 0.152 mm day−1; late summer–early autumn, 0.149 mm day−1 and late–autumn early winter, 0.130 mm day−1). Temperature was the best predictor of growth, which was least at temperatures below 20 °C. Growth rate was also minimal during a period of low salinity and high turbidity. Mean DGR was significantly higher in postlarvae deployed in the sea-based nursery than in those maintained in the land-based nursery. Loss of postlarvae in the sea-based nursery was initially higher in collectors transferred earlier to the sea (ca. 2–3 weeks post-set; shell height 0.5–0.8 mm), but percent retrievals were similar after postlarvae deployed to the sea ca. 4–5 weeks post-set (shell height 1.1 mm) were retrieved simultaneously with those deployed earlier. At retrieval, postlarvae deployed approximately 2 weeks post-set were larger than those deployed subsequently, but spat deployed 1 week post-set attained a similar size to those deployed 2 weeks post-set. A strategy to deploy postlarvae in the sea-based nursery at a size circa 0.5 mm is proposed as more advantageous than keeping them longer in land-based facilities. In southern Brazil, there is a wide window of opportunity to deploy post-larval scallops in the sea-based nursery in which growth is maximized, except when water temperatures drop below 20 °C.
(Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7; email of G. Rupp: rupp@epagri.rct-sc.br)

BATCH AND FED-BATCH CULTIVATIONS OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS USING AMMONIUM SULPHATE AND UREA AS NITROGEN SOURCES
D. Soletto, L. Binaghi, A. Lodi, J.C.M. Carvalho, A. Converti-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 217-224
Abstract:
The cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis is an attractive source of chlorophyll, a green pigment used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, and other high-value cell components. Moreover, it can be easily and cheaply recovered by filtration from the cultivation medium. In this work, the replacement of potassium nitrate with ammonium sulphate (A) and urea (U) as cheaper nitrogen sources has been investigated: previous research work did in fact demonstrate that urea has no effect on the final chlorophyll content of the cultures. Several batch and fed-batch protocols were tested, modelled and compared in this work for the first time. It was demonstrated that the kinetics of S. platensis growth at 30°C, using urea as nitrogen source, can be comparable and even better than the one achievable with the classic nitrate-based culture media. Adoption of an appropriate slowly increasing urea feeding rate prevented the accumulation of ammonia in the medium as well as its well-known inhibition of biomass growth; therefore, the use of urea should be recognized as a possible way to decrease the costs of a large-scale plant for the production of this cyanobacterium.
(Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145 Genoa, Italy; email of A. Converti: converti@unige.it)

CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION IN NILE TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS (L.) BY PHOTOPERIOD MANIPULATION
A.K. Biswas, T. Morita, G. Yoshizaki, M. Maita Toshio Takeuchi-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 229-239
Abstract:
A major problem in tilapia aquaculture is the frequent reproduction of female fish, leading to increased competition for supplemented food and stunted somatic growth. The feasibility of using photoperiod manipulation to arrest the reproductive performance of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus was therefore examined. Newly hatched O. niloticus were reared in the laboratory under 12L:12D photoperiod at 28 °C. Fish (230–340 g) were maintained under 6L:6D, 12L:12D and 14L:10D photoperiod at 28 °C during the course of this study. Effect of photoperiod manipulation on reproductive parameters of fecundity, gamete quality, offspring viability and overall reproductive success were evaluated. Steroid levels (estradiol-17β, E2; testosterone, T) during the spawning cycles of fish were analyzed on days 1 and 3 postspawning and at 3-day intervals thereafter. A total of 72 female fish from each photoperiod treatment were investigated the changing pattern of E2, T and GSI with fish that have spawned once, twice and three times. Fish exposed to 12L:12D and 14L:10D photoperiod spawned successfully throughout the study. Whereas the spawning of fish exposed to 6L:6D photoperiod was arrested after three to four spawning cycles. The arrestment of spawning in fish exposed to 6L:6D photoperiod was paralleled by a significant decrease in plasma levels of E2 (P<0.05). By contrast, there was no major difference in T levels among the treatments. These findings suggest that photoperiod manipulation can be used to arrest the spawning in tilapia O. niloticus. The utility of this in controlling the problem of overcrowding due to excess offspring in tilapia aquaculture is applicable.
(Department of Marine Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan; email of T. Takeuchi: take@s.kaiyodai.ac.jp

JUVENILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS×OREOCHROMIS AUREUS) REQUIRES DIETARY MYO-INOSITOL FOR MAXIMAL GROWTH
Shi-Yen Shiau, Shu-Lin Su-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 273-277
Abstract:
An 8-week growth experiment was conducted to estimate the dietary requirement of myo-inositol (MI) for juvenile hybrid tilapia. MI was supplemented at 0, 150, 250, 350, 450, 600, and 1200 mg/kg diet in the basal diet providing 0, 167, 259, 367, 479, 612, and 1253 mg MI/kg diet. Basal diet without MI but with succinylsulfathiazole to suppress MI synthesis by intestinal bacteria was included for comparison. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of tilapia (mean initial weight 0.51±0.01 g, n=3). Fish fed ≥367 mg MI/kg diet had significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain, followed by fish fed 259 mg MI/kg diet, and lowest for fish fed the unsupplemented basal diet. Fish fed ≥367 mg MI/kg diet had higher feed efficiency than fish fed the basal diet. Supplementation of dietary inositol did not affect survival of tilapia. The MI concentrations in liver were highest in fish fed the ≥479 mg MI/kg diet, followed by fish fed the 259 and 167 mg MI/kg diets, and lowest in fish fed the basal diet. Hepatic lipid concentrations were higher in fish fed 367 mg MI/kg diet than fish fed ≤259 mg MI/kg diet. Weight gain percentage and MI concentrations in the liver for the different treatments were analyzed by broken-line regression and indicated that the requirement for dietary MI in growing tilapia is about 400 mg/kg diet. Addition of an antibiotic to basal diet did not affect the growth and hepatic inositol concentration of tilapia, suggesting that the intestinal microbial synthesis was not a significant source of inositol for tilapia.
(Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2 Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung 202, Taiwan; email of Shi-Yen Shiau: syshiau@mail.ntou.edu.tw)

USE OF COMMERCIAL ARTEMIA REPLACEMENT DIETS IN CULTURING LARVAL AMERICAN LOBSTERS (HOMARUS AMERICANUS)
D. R. Fiore, M. F. Tlusty-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 291-303
Abstract:
This work reports on the successful incorporation of commercial formulated Artemia replacement diets as 50% of a larval American lobster diet. Combination diets of either live Artemia nauplii or frozen adult n-3 fatty acid enriched Artemia with a rotation of three commercial formulated diets resulted in equivalent survival to stage IV (19–25%), postlarval size and subsequent early juvenile performance compared to an Artemia nauplii plus frozen Artemia combination diet. A 100% formulated diet resulted in reduced larval survival (6%) and postlarval size, while a larval diet of 100% frozen adult Artemia resulted in reduced postlarval quality and early juvenile performance. The much lower price of the formulated diets compared to the prices of Artemia nauplii and frozen Artemia makes its inclusion in the lobster larval diet the most cost-effective diet choice.
(New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110, USA; email of M. Tlusty: mtlusty@neaq.org)

EFFECT OF DIETARY 22:6N-3 ON GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND TISSUE FATTY ACID PROFILE OF STRIPED TRUMPETER (LATRIS LINEATA) LARVAE FED ENRICHED ARTEMIA
M.P. Bransden, S.C. Battaglene, D.T. Morehead, G.A. Dunstan, P.D. Nichols-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 331-344
Abstract:
The effect of dietary 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) on growth and survival was determined in striped trumpeter during metamorphosis and the Artemia-feeding period (16–36 days posthatch, dph). Artemia were enriched on one of five experimental emulsions that contained graduated concentrations of DHA and constant 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA). We also compared larval performance using a commercial enrichment product high in n-3 PUFA. Final DHA concentrations in Artemia enriched on the experimental emulsions ranged from 0.1–20.8 mg/g DM, while Artemia fed the commercial product had 18.2 mg DHA/g DM. Each of the six diets was fed to larvae in four replicate 300-l tanks. Standard length (range 10.0–11.2 mm) and dry weight (range 1.6–2.5 mg) of larvae at the end of the experiment were directly related to dietary DHA, with the highest growth recorded in the experimental diet with the greatest concentration of DHA (20.8 mg/g DM). Survival at 36 dph was not influenced by dietary DHA and ranged from 20–44%. Mortality increased noticeably, regardless of dietary treatment, when larvae attained a standard length of approximately 9.5 mm. Mortality was related to a nocturnal behaviour where larvae would migrate to the tank bottom during the dark phase. Fatty acid profiles of the larvae were generally correlated to dietary fatty acids. Dietary DHA was found to be important in larval striped trumpeter growth, where enhanced growth probably shortened the critical period of metamorphosis and the window where nocturnal downward migration and mortality occurred.
(Marine Research Laboratories, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute and Aquafin Cooperative Research Centre, TAFI-MRL, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; email of M. Bransden: Matthew.Bransden@utas.edu.au)

EFFECTS OF STARVATION ON LARVAL GROWTH, SURVIVAL AND METAMORPHOSIS OF IVORY SHELL BABYLONIA FORMOSAE HABEI ALTENA ET AL., 1981 (NEOGASTROPODA: BUCCINIDAE)
Huaiping Zheng, Caihuan Ke, Shiqiang Zhou, Fuxue Li-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 357-366
Abstract:
The impact of starvation on larvae of Ivory shell Babylonia formosae habei was studied in a laboratory experiment. Newly hatched veligers showed considerable tolerance to starvation due to their endogenous yolk material, and time to the point-of-no-return (PNR; the threshold point during starvation after which larvae can longer metamorphose even if food is provided) was calculated to be 104.5 h. However, starvation still affected larval growth, survival, and metamorphosis. Mean shell length of larvae increased 49.77 μm day−1 for nonstarved, but only 11.13 μm day−1 for larvae starved for 108 h. After larvae began feeding, their growth rates rapidly recovered to the level of the nonstarved following short periods of starvation (less than 48 h), but were inhibited and unable to ever reach the level of the nonstarved when being starved beyond 48 h. Percent metamorphosis was 53.75% for the nonstarved, but all larvae died before 10 days for those starved for 108 h. Starvation not only affected larval time to reach metamorphosis, but also caused the delay in the time to metamorphosis. For the nonstarved, larvae took only 11.5 days to reach spontaneous metamorphosis, but they took 20 days to reach spontaneous metamorphosis when starved for 96 h, and this duration of delayed metamorphosis reached 8.5 days. Furthermore, the importance of yolk material for maintaining larval survival of B. formosae habei during starvation periods is also discussed.
(Department of Oceanography, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China; email of Caihuan Ke: chke@xmu.edu.cn)

STUDY OF DIGESTIVE PROTEINASES AND PROTEINASE INHIBITORS OF DAPHNIA CARINATA
S. Kumar, A. Srivastava, R. Chakrabarti-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 367-372
Abstract:
Quantification of proteases activities and their class structure have been studied in a cladoceran, Daphnia carinata. Protease activity ranged from 0.28 to 0.55 Unit mg−1 protein min−1 with an average value of 0.42±0.06 Unit mg−1 protein min−1. Chymotrypsin activity was more than twofold higher (0.49±0.09 Unit mg−1 protein min−1) than the trypsin activity (0.21±0.02 Unit mg−1 protein min−1). Protease activity and reduction of activity in bands of samples treated with specific inhibitors were documented in photometric assay and substrate SDS–PAGE. Proteinase activity against azocasein was inhibited (91.4±1.5%) with SBTI. PMSF reduced the enzyme activity by 53.1±6.5%, and the azocasein hydrolysis was reduced up to 64.6±3.8% by the specific inhibitor of trypsin, TLCK. In the present investigation, the molecular weight of various activity bands ranged from 16.3 to 51.1 kDa. The molecular weights of several protein bands are similar to protease activity zones. The knowledge of digestive enzyme profiles of fish food organisms generated in the present study may assist in the formulation of age-specific feed.
(Aqua Research Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India; email of R. Chakrabarti: rina@ndf.vsnl.net.in)

SERUM STEROID PROFILES IN ARTIFICIALLY MATURING FEMALE JAPANESE EEL, ANGUILLA JAPONICA
H. Matsubara, P. M. Lokmanc, Y. Kazeto, Sh. Adachi, K. Yamauchi-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 393-402
Abstract:
To investigate whether steroid profiles in salmon pituitary homogenate (SPH)-induced artificially maturing Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, resemble those in other, naturally maturing fishes, the daily changes in 11 steroids were analyzed for a 70-day period (average time needed to reach the maturational phase). Concentrations of most steroids were low and changed on a weekly basis, with maximum values 2–5 days after an SPH injection. Thus, pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 17α,20 β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, androstenedione and estrone levels were barely or not detectable in serum throughout the experimental period, which is largely in keeping with what is known about oogenesis-related steroids in other fishes. In contrast, serum testosterone (T) levels were high, but fluctuated considerably with each SPH injection (about 0.3–8.3 ng/ml). The serum estradiol-17β (E2) levels increased after SPH injections and gradually rose throughout the experiment, peaking at the end of the experimental period (about 0.2–7.8 ng/ml). Serum levels of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) before SPH treatment were higher (approximately 2 ng/ml) than those of the other steroid hormones (less than 0.5 ng/ml). 11-KT levels increased gradually over the experimental period, and, like E2, levels peaked towards the end of the experimental period (about 15 ng/ml). The observed patterns for T, E2 and 11-KT are unlike those in other fishes. Furthermore, the consistent elevations in levels of 11-KT, both before and after SPH treatment, are suggestive of an important role for this steroid in controlling oocyte growth.
(Division of Marine Biosciences, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan; email of H. Matsubara: matsubara@ntu.ac.jp)

SHORT COMMUNICATION:
MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH FILTER MATERIALS IN RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS OF FRESHWATER FISH
H. Sugita, H. Nakamura, T. Shimada-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 403-409
Abstract:
The microbial communities associated with filter materials in closed recirculated systems of carp and goldfish were examined by the clone library method of 16S rRNA gene. The bacterial cells were efficiently recovered by the combination of six washing treatment and swabbing. The bacterial density on pebbles of well-conditioned recirculating water systems was 1.1×107 cells g−1 in the carp-rearing tank and 1.9×108 cells g−1 in the goldfish-rearing aquarium. The 91 cloned rDNA sequences were occupied by members within Alphaproteobacteria (52 clones belonging to 19 taxa), Betaproteobacteria (14 clones belonging to 8 taxa), Nitrospira (8 clones belonging to 1 taxon), Actinobacteria (6 clones belonging to 4 taxa), Bacilli (3 clones belonging to 3 taxa), Gammaproteobacteria (3 clones belonging to 3 taxa), Planctomycetacia (3 clones belonging to 3 taxa) and Sphingobacteria (2 clones belonging to 1 taxon). However, only three taxa, which are closely related to Hyphomicrobium denitrificans, Rhodovulum euryhalinum and Nitrospira moscoviensis, were commonly detected in both carp- and goldfish-rearing systems. These results reveal that there are great differences in both bacterial density and composition between the two different systems, and that the clone library constructed from carp-rearing tank is characterized by as many as 29 taxa of bacteria, and that those from goldfish-rearing aquarium is characterized by Hyphomicrobium facilis with occurrence of 42%. These results mean that at least 36% of total clones could utilize the inorganic nitrogen, NH4+, NO2− or NO3−, suggesting that they concern the dynamics of nitrogen in fish-rearing facilities equipped with the recirculating system.
(Department of Marine Science and Resources, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan; email of H. Sugita: sugita@brs.nihon-u.ac.jp)

SHORT COMMUNICATION:
GYNOGENESIS INDUCTION AND SEX DETERMINATION IN THE EURASIAN PERCH, PERCA FLUVIATILIS
C. Rougeot, J. Virimumbalu Ngingo, L. Gillet, A. Vanderplasschen, Ch. Mélard-2005
Aquaculture, 243 (1-4): 411-415
Abstract:
In the present study, we used meiotic gynogenesis, widely used in studies on sex determination, to confirm female homogamety in Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis. Sperm irradiated with UV for 400 s was used to artificially fertilized eggs. The diploid of the resulting embryos was restored by a heat shock (30 °C) applied to the eggs 5 min postfertilization, for 25 min. Fertilization (ranging between 45% and 75%) and survival rates at hatching (ranging between 3.4% and 46.6%) were not significantly different (P>0.05) between the diploid control and gynogenetics. The diploid controls and two batches of gynogenetics contained 100% diploid larvae, whereas two other batches of gynogenetics contained 6.7% and 10.0% triploid larvae. The sex ratios of the diploid controls were not significantly different from 1:1, whereas all gynogenetic families were 100% female. These results confirm female homogamety in Eurasian perch, demonstrated by the use of hormonally mascilinized breeders in a previous study.
(University of Liège, Aquaculture Research and Education Center (CEFRA), Chemin de la Justice, 10, B-4500 Tihange, Belgium; email of C. Rougeot: C.Rougeot@ulg.ac.be)

© Copyright 2000 - Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center - Ghent University, Belgium